Do “stakeholders” represent citizen interests? An empirical inquiry into assessments of policy aims in the National Forest Programme for Germany

Participatory National Forest Programmes (NFPs) intend to democratise forest sector policy, but they may suffer from a fundamental democratic legitimisation deficit since the stakeholders involved are neither democratically authorised nor accountable to the population. In order to scrutinise the empirical relevance of this problem in the case of the German NFP, it is analysed how the German population on the one hand and the NFP participants on the other hand assess central forest policy aims of the NFP, and how far both assessments coincide. Two surveys based on identical questionnaires are used as the data base. The respondents assessed the importance of the respective aims as well as at their implementation. Results show that the population considers the majority of the NFP aims to be generally relevant, but assesses the majority of the aims significantly differently from the stakeholders. The formal legitimisation deficit of the German NFP therefore also matters in terms of content. Discussing the NFP among the elected representatives and in the public seems indispensable.Moreover, the differences in the assessment of some policy aims are significantly dependent on how people judge the image of forest enterprises between the opposing poles of profit orientation and nature protection. Public acceptance of those aims could be furthered more appropriately by adjusting the partly incorrect image of forestry rather than by providing more information about the particular aims and their background.     

帽儿山林场4类天然次生林碳储量研究

运用森林生态学典型样地法设立标准地并获取野外数据,采用重铬酸钾-硫酸氧化湿烧法测定植物、土壤中的碳。通过对帽儿山林场4类天然次生林碳素密度及储量的比较研究,结果表明:1)天然次生林主要树种不同器官中碳素密度变化范围在0.331 6~0.501 4 gc/g之间,枯立木、林下植被、枯枝落叶和半分解的有机残体(A00层)各层的碳素密度差异不大,土壤各层的碳素密度的排列顺序为腐殖质(A0层)>表土层(A层)>亚表土层(B层)。2)硬阔叶林生态系统总的碳储量为261.31 tc/hm2,山杨林生态系统总的碳储量为195.20 tc/hm2,蒙古栎林生态系统总的碳储量为196.41 tc/hm2,白桦林生态系统总的碳储量为143.18tc/hm2。3)天然次生林年平均净碳固定量为4.647tc/hm2.a。     

2006年特大干旱条件下森林植被对土壤水分的影响

2006年四川发生了百年一遇的特大干旱。于旱期结束末,调查了蓬安县境内两座丘陵-石马寨(栎柏混交林)和碉堡梁(人工柏木林)上、中、下坡林地和林带中耕地及坡脚农田的土壤含水量;调查了四川盆地丘陵区内5个县9个乡镇17个小流域有无农田防护林条件下,稻田开裂起始时间和裂缝宽;以及按照自然地理条件相近、森林覆盖率有较大差异的原则,调查了宣汉县和达县5对乡镇(森林覆盖率高的乡镇森林覆盖率为28.26%～46.85%,平均为37.24%,相对应的低的乡镇森林覆盖率为12.75%～26.74%,平均为18.64%)内不同台地的土壤含水量。结果表明,混交林林地的保水能力强于纯林林地,林地的保水能力强于耕地,农田防护林对水稻具有庇护作用,森林覆盖率高的地区土壤保水能力强于森林覆盖率低的地区土壤。在干旱期末坡上、中、下部位的0～40 cm土层中,栎柏混交林林地的含水量比柏木纯林林地高出3%～7%,林地的土壤含水量比林带中的耕地高出0.7%～2.1%;栎柏混交林带中的耕地含水量比柏木纯林带中的耕地高出3%～6%,石马寨的坡脚农田含水量比碉堡梁的高出5%;在干旱期末不同台地0～40 cm土层中,与森林覆盖率低的地区相比,森林覆盖率高的地区水稻田含水量高3%～7%,二台土高4%～8%,三台土高2%～8%;有农田防护林的农田土壤开裂时间比无农田防护林的推迟5 d～20 d,裂口宽平均窄0.1 cm～3.1 cm。     

龙湖森林公园景观资源与景区规划构想

详细介绍构成龙湖省级森林公园景观资源的五大类型:生物、水域、天象、地文和人文景观资源.依据公园的性质、规划原则进行总体布局,并分别对规划的观光游览、休闲度假、激情游乐、悠游探秘四大景区的特点和园林绿化规划内容进行阐述.提出在保护自然环境的前提下,实行利用与保护兼顾,突出特色,将其规划建设成为一个兼有避暑、度假、休闲、娱乐、科普教育于一体的生态型多功能省级森林公园.     

云南哀牢山自然保护区南华片区项目建设必要性分析

对哀牢山国家级自然保护区南华片区的生物多样性、经营现状和经营管理进行评价,对项目建设必要性分析结果:项目建设有利于该保护区的整体效应;有利于对珍稀植物物种和生态系统的保护;有利于对候鸟迁徙通道的保护;有利于社会经济的可持续发展;是加强科研和宣教工作的需要。最后阐述了项目建设的主要内容。     

小议提高用材林森林生产力的途径

通过选用适当的培育方式、遗传改良、林分结构的配置、立地的选择和调控等4个方面的分析论证,论述了寻求提高用材林的森林生产力的途径。     

森林生态系统中林分胸径和树高的Granger因果关系研究

滞后阶数为1时,胸径和树高互为Granger原因,这从理论上证明,建立胸径和树高模型是合理的.当滞后阶数为2时,胸径不再是树高的Granger原因,但树高仍是胸径的Granger原因,两者相比,树高的影响更深远.所以在森林培养时,应更加注重树高,以维持树高对胸径的影响.     

江西省森林生态体系建设对策研究

随着产权制度改革的不断深入,江西森林生态体系建设面临的压力将越来越大。本文在充分调查和深入分析江西生态建设优劣势的基础上,按照生态经济学的一般原理,本文对森林生态体系建设的内涵、公益林区划标准、规模比例提出了自己的见解,对公益林补偿标准进行了系统的框架设计,并提出了完善森林生态体系建设的若干配套政策建议。     

Indices of soil nitrogen availability for an ecological site classification of British forests

An adequate supply of nitrogen (N) is essential for the successful establishment and sustainable productivity of forest stands. N deficits may necessitate the use of artificial fertilisers. Availability of N in the inorganic forms, and the relative abundance of the NO₃-N and NH₄-N components, influences the species composition of natural forest vegetation. Hence it is essential to use reliable measures of soil N supply that fully reflect its ecological significance. The new Ecological Site Classification (ESC) used in British forestry employs a multi-factorial definition of soil nutrient regime (SNR), including soil N. To develop this, a soil and vegetation study was made at 89 forest sites throughout Great Britain covering the major soil types used for forestry. “Total N” levels were compared with separate pre- and post-incubation measures of the two inorganic N components as potential indices of soil N supply. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the major discriminant chemical variables for the sampled soils were pH, calcium and NO₃-N and that these were also the main variables influencing the species composition of the ground vegetation. Total N and NH₄-N were less effective discriminant variables for these sites. In some infertile soils the levels of NH₄-N or total N may be of greater importance, as NO₃-N is usually in very limited supply. A multivariate gradient of SNR, which incorporates the NO₃-N measures, has been adopted for use within the ESC system. The position of a site on this gradient can be estimated quantitatively from soil type, ground vegetation species composition and humus type. This enables soil N supply and overall SNR to be assessed in a simple but effective way that guides the operational management of British forest soils for sustainable productivity. It will also be possible to use these techniques to monitor the nutritional status of forest sites over time.